اخوان، ر.، زبیری، م.، زاهدیامیری، ق.، نمیرانیان، م.، و ماندالاز، د. (1387). بررسی ساختار مکانی و برآورد موجودی حجمی جنگلهای خزری با استفاده از روش زمین آمار(geostatistics). منابع طبیعی ایران، (59)1، 102-89.
اسحاقیراد، ج.، سیدی، ن.، و حسـنزاد ناورودی، ا. (1388). تأثیر اجرای شیوۀ تک گزینی بر تنوع گیاهان چوبی (مطالعۀ موردی: سری جنبه سرا- گیلان. جنگل ایران، (4)1، 277-285.
امیری، م.، درگاهی، د.، حبشی، ه.، آزادفر، د.، و سلیمانی، ن. (1387). مقایسه تراکم زادآوری و تنوع گونهای در تودههای طبیعی و مدیریت شده جنگل بلوط لوه. علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، (6)15، 53-44.
بینام. (1374). طرح جنگلداری، بخش ۱ جنگل دکتر بهرامنیا، حوضه آبخیز ۸۵، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ۲۵۲ صفحه.
پور بابایی، ح.، و رنجآور، ع. (1387). تأثیر شیوه تدریجی-پناهی بر تنوع گونههای گیاهی در جنگلهای راش شرقی (مطالعه موردی: جنگلهای شفارود- گیلان. تحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران، (1)16، 73-61.
حسنیپاک، ع. ا. (1389). زمین آمار (ژئواستاتیستیک). تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 330ص.
صید، س. ز.، معیری، م.ه.، و محمدی، ج. (1394). مقایسه تنوع گونههای درختی در تودههای جنگلی مدیریت شده (قطع گزینشی) و مدیریت نشده راش (مطالعه موردی: جنگل شصت کلاته گرگان). پژوهشهای گیاهی (زیست شناسی ایران)، (4)28، 793-784.
کاظمنژاد، ف.، پورمحمدعلی حبیبی، س.، و داستانپور، م. (1390). بررسی تنوع زیستی پوشش گیاهی در تودههای مدیریت شده و مدیریت نشده راش- ممرزستان (مطالعه موردی: سری لاروچال- نوشهر). علوم و فنون منابع طبیعی، (1)6، 74-65.
کوچ، ی.، حسینی، س. م.، محمدی، ج.، و حجتی، س. م. (1391). بررسی ساختار مکانی خصوصیات خاک در یک توده جنگلی راش با استفاده از روش زمین آمار. علوم آب وخاک، (60)16، 239-251.
محمدی، ج.، و شتایی، ش. (1395). ارزیابی وضعیت تنوع گونهای درختی در تودههای طبیعی و مدیریت شده طرح جنگلداری شصت کلاته گرگان. پژوهشهای علوم و فناوری چوب و جنگل، (1)23، 131-113.
نوری، ز.، فقهی، ج.، زاهدیامیری، ق.، زبیری، م.، و رحمانی، ر. (1389). ارزیابی تنوع گونههای درختی و درختچهای و اثر آن در مدیریت پایداری جنگل (بررسی موردی: بخش پاتم جنگل خیرود). جنگل و فرآوردههای چوب (منابع طبیعی ایران)، (2)63، 214-201.
Akhavan, R., Amiri, G.Z., and Zobeiri, M. (2010). Spatial variability of forest growing stock using geostatistics in the Caspian region of Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(1), 43–53.
Almeida, D.D., José Freire, F., Vinícius da Silva, M., do Nascimento Barbosa, U., Monteiro Cavalcante, D., and Araújo Silva, E. (2023). Geospatial distribution of forest species in the botanical garden of recife, pernambuco, Brazil. Floresta, 53(2). 145-154.
Ambrosio, L., Iglesias, L., Marin, C., and Del Monte, J.P. (2004). Evaluation of sampling methods and assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil, taking into account spatial variability. Weed Research, 44(3), 224-236.
Atkinson, P.M. (1997). Technical note On estimating measurement error in remotely-sensed images with the variogram. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 18(14), 3075–3084.
Barreras, A., Alanís de la Rosa, J.A., Mayorga, R., Cuenca, R., Moreno‐G,C., Godínez, C., Delgado, C., Soriano‐Luna, M.D.L.Á., George, S., Aldrete‐Leal, M. I., Medina, S., Romero, J., Villela, S., Lister, A., Sheridan, R., Flores, R., Crowther, T. W., and Guevara, M. (2023). Spatial predictions of tree density and tree height across Mexico forests using ensemble learning and forest inventory data. Ecology and Evolution, 13(5), e10090.
Bastias, C.C., Truchado, D.A., Valladares, F., Benavides, R., Bouriaud, O., Bruelheide, H., Coppi, A., Finér, L., Gimeno, T.E., Jaroszewicz, B., Scherer‐Lorenzen, M., Selvi, F., and De la Cruz, M. (2020). Species richness influences the spatial distribution of trees in European forests. Oikos, 129(3), 380-390.
Bogaert, P., and Russo, D. (1999). Optimal spatial sampling design for the estimation of the variogram based on a least squares approach. Water Resources Research, 35(4), 1275-1289.
Brown, K. A., and Gurevitch, J. (2004). Long-term impacts of logging on forest diversity in Madagascar. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(16), 6045-6049.
Chen, H.L., Lewison, R.L., An, L., Tsai, Y.H., Stow, D., Shi, L., and Yang, S. (2020). Assessing the effects of payments for ecosystem services programs on forest structure and species biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation, 29(7), 2123-2140.
Chen, S., Chen, J., Jiang, C., Yao, R.T., Xue, J., Bai, Y., Wang, H., Jiang, C., Wang, S., Zhong, Y., Liu, E., Guo, L., Lv, S., and Wang, S. (2022). Trends in research on forest ecosystem services in the most recent 20 years: A bibliometric analysis. Forests, 13(7), 1087.
Damiti, R. A., Pakaya, P., Prasetyo, M. H., Baderan, D. W. K., & Utina, R. (2025). Stabilitas Ekosistem Hutan Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Deforestasi dan Kerusakan Lingkungan: Tinjauan Literatur. Botani: Publikasi Ilmu Tanaman dan Agribisnis, 2(2), 176-188.
Douzouné, K., Oloukoi, J., Gongnet, E.E., Sèdjro, T., and Affossogbe, A. (2024). Application of ordinary kriging in mapping soil organic carbon in chad using soilgrids data. South African Journal of Geomatics, 13(2), 397-408.
Eskelson, B.N., Anderson, P.D., Hagar, J.C., and Temesgen, H. (2011). Geostatistical modeling of riparian forest microclimate and its implications for sampling. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 41(5), 974-985.
Fazlollahi Mohammadi, M., Tobin, B., Jalali, S.G., Kooch, Y., and Riemann, R. (2022). Fine-scale topographic influence on the spatial distribution of tree species diameter in old-growth beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) forests, northern Iran. Scientific reports, 12(1), 7633.
Garcia, A.G., Araujo, M.R., Uramoto, K., Walder, J.M.M., and Zucchi, R.A. (2017). Geostatistics and Geographic Information System to Analyze the Spatial Distribution of the Diversity of Anastrepha Species (Diptera: Tephritidae): the Effect of Forest Fragments in an Urban Area. Environmental Entomology, 46(6), 1189–1194.
Ghorbanzadeh, N., Pourbabaei, H., Salehi, A., and Soltani Toolarood and SJ, A. (2019). Spatial analysis of biodiversity soil macrofauna in Populus deltoides plantation of northern forests of Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 17(2), 155-162.
Goushehgir, Z., Feghhi, J., and Innes, J.L. (2022). Challenges facing the improvement of forest management in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. Forests, 13(12), 2180.
Guo, L., Zhang, Y., Xu, M., Yan, J., Zhang, H., Zou, Y., and Gao, J. (2024). A Novel Workflow for Mapping Forest Canopy Height by Synergizing ICESat-2 and Multi-Sensor Data. Forests,15(12), 2139.
He, F., and Legendre, P. (2002). Species div ersity patterns derived from Species- Area models. Ecology, 83(5), 1185–1198.
Huang, C., Fu, S., Tong, Y., Ma, X., Yuan, F., Ma, Y., Feng, C., and Liu, H. (2023). Impacts of forest management on the biodiversity and sustainability of Carya dabieshanensis forests. Forests, 14(7), 1331.
Ishii, H. T., Tanabe, S.I., and Hiura, T. (2004). Exploring the relationships among canopy structure, stand productivity, and biodiversity of temperate forest ecosystems. Forest Science, 50(3), 342-355.
Jayasuriya, J., Jagadeeswaran, R., Kumaraperumal, R., Balaji, K., and Raju, M. (2025). Geostatistical assessment and mapping of soil spatial variability in Sirumugai, Western Ghats. Plant Science Today, 11(4), 1-12.
Jucker, T., Bouriaud, O., Avacaritei, D., and Coomes, D.A. (2014). Stabilizing effects of diversity on aboveground wood production in forest ecosystems: linking patterns and processes. Ecology Letters, 17(12), 1560-1569.
Karahan, G., and Erşahin, S. (2018). Geostatistical analysis of spatial variation in forest ecosystems. Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, 6(1), 9-22.
Levick, S.R., Hessenmöller, D., and Schulze, E.D. (2016). Scaling wood volume estimates from inventory plots to landscapes with airborne LiDAR in temperate deciduous forest. Carbon Balance and Management, 11(1), 7.
Manjate, A., Zahabu, E., Ilstedt, U., Egas, A., and Goodman, R.C. (2025). Structure and Composition of a Selectively Logged Miombo Woodland in Central Mozambique. Forests, 16(4), 569.
Margalef, R. (1958) Information Theory in Ecology. General Systems, 3, 36-71.
Martín‐Queller, E., Diez, J.M., Ibanez, I., and Saura, S. (2013). Effects of silviculture on native tree species richness: interactions between management, landscape context and regional climate. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(3), 775-785.
Meena, A., Bidalia, A., Hanief, M., Dinakaran, J., and Rao, K.S. (2019). Assessment of above-and belowground carbon pools in a semi-arid forest ecosystem of Delhi, India. Ecological processes, 8(1), 8.
Menhinick, E.F. (1964). A comparison of some species‐individuals diversity indices applied to samples of field insects. Ecology, 45(4), 859-861.
Minatti, M., Sanquetta, C.R., Péllico Neto, S., Dalla Corte, A.P., and Cysneiros, V.C. (2021). Geostatistics as a tool to reduce the sampling effort in forest inventories. Scientia Agraria Paranaensis, 20(2),174–179.
Mohammadnezhad- Kiasari, S., Sagheb- Talebi, K., Rahmani, R., and Ghelichnia, H. (2023). Comparison of plant diversity between managed and unmanaged forests in Haftkhal, Mazandaran Province, North of Iran. Asian Journal of Forestry, 7(2). 107-114.
Nunes, Í.L., Afonso, R.L.C., da Silva, B.A., Rocha, G.C., Minette, L.J., de Lima, N.N., and de Miranda, C.F.M. (2020). Spatial variability of soil physical properties as a result of different tillage systems. Brazilian Journal of Development, 6(7), 42619-42631.
Olthoff, A.E., Gómez, C., Alday, J.G., and Martínez-Ruiz, C. (2018). Mapping forest vegetation patterns in an Atlantic–Mediterranean transitional area by integration of ordination and geostatistical techniques. Journal of Plant Ecology, 11(1), 114-122.
Osei, R., Del Río, M., Ruiz-Peinado, R., Titeux, H., Bielak, K., Bravo, F., Collet, C., Cools, C., Cornelis, J.T., Drössler, L., Heym, M., Korboulewsky, N., Löf, M., Muys, B., Najib, Y., Nothdurft, A., Pretzsch, H., Skrzyszewski, J., and Ponette, Q. (2022). The distribution of carbon stocks between tree woody biomass and soil differs between Scots pine and broadleaved species (beech, oak) in European forests. European Journal of Forest Research, 141(3), 467-480.
Paillet, Y., Bergès, L., Hjältén, J., Ódor, P., Avon, C., Bernhardt-Römermann, M., Bijlsma, R.J., De Bruyn, L., Fuhr, M., Grandin, U., Kanka, R., Lundin, L., Luque, S., Magura, T., Matesanz, S., Mészáros, I., Sebastià, M.T., Schmidt, W., Standovár, T., Tóthmérész, B., Uotila, A., Valladares, F., Vellak, K., and Virtanen, R. (2010). Biodiversity differences between managed and unmanaged forests: Meta‐analysis of species richness in Europe. Conservation biology, 24(1), 101-112.
Pan, Y., McCullough, K., and Hollinger, D.Y. (2018). Forest biodiversity, relationships to structural and functional attributes, and stability in New England forests. Forest Ecosystems, 5(1), 14.
Pennino, M.G., Paradinas, I., Illian, J.B., Muñoz, F., Bellido, J.M., López‐Quílez, A., and Conesa, D. (2019). Accounting for preferential sampling in species distribution models. Ecology and Evolution, 9(1), 653-663.
Potapov, P., Hansen, M.C., Laestadius, L., Turubanova, S., Yaroshenko, A., Thies, C., Smith, W., Zhuravleva, I., Komarova, A., Minnemeyer, S., and Esipova, E. (2017). The last frontiers of wilderness: Tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013. Science advances, 3(1), e1600821.
Rupyshev, Y., Sandag, K., Bazha, S., Danzhalova, E., Drobyshev, Y., Bogdanov, E., and Petukhov, I. (2025). The influence of ecological conditions on the formation of forest communities in the Selbe-Goliin Ekh Nature Reserve (Mongolia). Historia Naturalis B ulgarica, 47(10), 325-334.
Shannon, C.E., and Weaver, W. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana, IL: The University of Illinois Press, 1-117.
Sheng, Q., Dong, L., and Liu, Z. (2024). Driving forces of herbaceous species diversity in natural broadleaf forests from in Maoershan from Northeast China. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15, 1449421.
Simpson, E.H. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature, 163(4148), 688-688.
Sismanis, M., Gitas, I.Z., Georgopoulos, N., Stavrakoudis, D., Gkounti, E., and Antoniadis, K. (2024). A Spectral–Spatial Approach for the Classification of Tree Cover Density in Mediterranean Biomes Using Sentinel-2 Imagery. Forests, 15(11), 2025.
Smith, B., and Wilson, J.B. (1996). A consumer's guide to evenness indices. Oikos, 70-82.
Soltani-Mohammadi, S., and Safa, M. (2016). A Simulated Annealing based Optimization Algorithm for Automatic Variogram Model Fitting. Archives of Mining Sciences, 61(3), 635–649.
Sparks, A.M., Corrao, M.V., Keefe, R.F., Armstrong, R., and Smith, A.M. (2024). An accuracy assessment of field and airborne laser scanning–derived individual tree inventories using felled tree measurements and log scaling data in a mixed conifer forest. Forest Science, 70(3), 228-241.
Stankić, I., Kopljar, A., and Mešić, A. (2025). Designing field routes for data collection during forest inventories to assess wood resources. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 1339, No. 1, p. 012031). IOP Publishing.
Ter Steege, H., Pitman, N.C., Do Amaral, I.L., de Souza Coelho, L., de Almeida Matos, F.D., de Andrade Lima Filho, D., and Hilário, R.R. (2023). Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora. Communications Biology, 6(1), 1130.
Tsogbadrakh, O., Sukhbaatar, G., Ganbaatar, B., Batchuluun, B., Altanjin, D., Kim, K.W., Seah, K.Y., and Oyuntsetseg, B. (2024). Tree canopy area-dependent changes in soil properties: a comparative study in the southern limit of boreal forest distribution. Forest Science and Technology, 20(1), 58-66.
Vašát, R., Pavlu, L., Boruvka, L., Drabek, O., and Nikodem, A. (2013). Mapping the Topsoil pH and Humus Quality of Forest Soils in the North Bohemian Jizerské hory Mts. Region with Ordinary, Universal, and Regression Kriging: Cross-Validation Comparison. Soil & Water Research, 8(3). 97–104
Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Li, J., Cao, X., and Lv, Y. (2024). Assessing the relationship between tree growth, crown size, and neighboring tree species diversity in mixed coniferous and broad forests using crown size competition indices. Forests, 15(4), 633.
Watson, J.E.M., Evans, T., Venter, O., Williams, B., Tulloch, A., Stewart, C., Thompson, I., Ray, J.C., Murray, K., Salazar, A., McAlpine, C., Potapov, P., Walston, J., Robinson, J.G., Painter, M., Wilkie, D., Filardi, C., Laurance, W.F., and Houghton, R.A., Maxwell, S., Grantham, H., Samper, C., Wang, S., Laestadius, L., Runting, R.K., Silva-Chávez, G.A., Ervin, J., Lindenmayer, D. (2018). The exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2(4), 599–610.
Yeboah, D., Chen, H.Y., and Kingston, S. (2016). Tree species richness decreases while species evenness increases with disturbance frequency in a natural boreal forest landscape. Ecology and Evolution, 6(3), 842-850.
Zheng, L., Barry, K.E., Guerrero-Ramírez, N.R., Craven, D., Reich, P.B., Verheyen, K., ... and Hautier, Y. (2024). Effects of plant diversity on productivity strengthen over time due to trait-dependent shifts in species overyielding. Nature Communications, 15(1), 2078.