اشرفزاده، م.، و عرفانزاده، ر. (1394). اهمیت تاج پوشش تک پایه های درختی در حفظ بانک بذر گیاهان مناطق خشک (مطالعه موردی: زرین دشت, استان فارس). مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان، (9)4، 10-1.
امیری، س.، عرفانزاده، ر.، و اسماعیلپور، ی. (1393). مطالعه تغییرات مولفههای تنوع گونهای در گرادیان ارتفاع منطقه حفاظت شده گنو با استفاده از روش تقسیمبندی افزایشی. پژوهشهای فرسایش محیطی، (4)4، 77-64.
جعفری، ا. (1392). نقش تسهیل کنندگی گیاه پرستار کنار (Ziziphus spina- christi L.Will.) بر ایجاد جزایر حاصلخیز و اثر آن بر جامعه گیاهی و خصوصیات خاک ناحیه رویشی صحرا-سندی در جنوب فارس. پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی منابع طبیعی (مدیریت مناطق بیابانی)، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، 133 ص.
خزانی، م. ع.، علیجانپور، ا.، معتمدی، ج.، و شیدای کرکج، ا. (1401). تأثیر تاج پوشش درختان بر تنوع گونهای زیرآشکوب جنگل (مطالعه موردی: ذخیرگاه نژدره، ارومیه، آذربایجان غربی). پژوهشهای گیاهی (زیست شناسی ایران)، (2)35، 292-294.
داودآبادی فراهانی، ز.، عابدی، م.، و Michalet، R. (1396). مقایسهی روابط زیستی گونهی درختی Juniperus excelsa با چهار گونهی زیر اشکوب آن، اولین همایش ملی صیانت و حفاظت از جنگلهای ارسباران، تبریز، شهریور 1396، 1560ص.
طالشی، ح.، و اکبرینیا، م. (1390). تنوع زیستی گونههای چوبی و علفی در رابطه با عوامل محیطی در جنگلهای پایین بند شرق نوشهر. زیستشناسی ایران، (5)24، 766-777.
مظفریان، و. (1387) فلور ایلام. تهران: انتشارات فرهنگ معاصر، 936ص.
Al-Namazi, A. (2019). Effects of plant-plant interactions and herbivory on the plant community structure in an arid environment of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26(7), 1513-1518.
Al-Namazi, A. A., and Bonser, S. P. (2020). Plant strategies in extremely stressful environments: are the effects of nurse plants positive on all understory species? Journal of Plant Interactions, 15(1), 233-240.
Armas, C., Ordiales, R., and Pugnaire, F. I. (2004). Measuring plant interactions: a new comparative index. Ecology, 85(10), 2682-2686.
Bargali, S. S., Shahi, C., Bargali, K., Negi, B., and Khatri, K. (2022). Energy and monetary efficiencies at the different altitudinal agroecosystems in central Himalaya, India. Heliyon, 8(11).
Bassene, J., Diedhiou, S., Goudiaby, A. O., Sambou, A., Sow, M., Sagna, Y. P., Diatta, Y., Fall, S., Ndoye, I., and Diallo, M. D. (2023). Influence of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. Ex G. Don on the Herbaceous Vegetation in the Katouré Valley of the Commune of Nyassia (Basse Casamance-Senegal). Asian J. Env. Ecol, 21(3), 38-51.
Bisht, S., Bargali, S. S., Bargali, K., Rawat, G. S., Rawat, Y. S., and Fartyal, A. (2022). Influence of anthropogenic activities on forest carbon stocks—a case study from Gori Valley, Western Himalaya. Sustainability, 14(24), 16918.
Bricca, A., Chelli, S., Canullo, R., and Cutini, M. (2020). The legacy of the past logging: How forest structure affects different facets of understory plant diversity in abandoned coppice forests. Diversity, 12(3), 109.
Camara, A. (2022). Do Woody Plants Facilitate Herbaceous Plants in Dryland New Zealand. Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology. 18(3): 1-13.
Carranza, D. M., Varas-Belemmi, K., De Veer, D., Iglesias-Müller, C., Coral-Santacruz, D., Méndez, F. A., Torres-Lagos, E.,A.Squeo, F., and Gaymer, C. F. (2020). Socio-environmental conflicts: An underestimated threat to biodiversity conservation in Chile. Environmental Science & Policy, 110, 46-59.
Cavieres, L. A., Brooker, R. W., Butterfield, B. J., Cook, B. J., Kikvidze, Z
.,Lortie, C. J., Michalet, R., Pugnaire, F. I., Schöb, C., Xiao, S., Anthelme
, F., Björk, R. G., Dickinson, K. J. M., Cranston, B. H., Gavilán, R
.,Gutiérrez-Girón, A., Kanka, R., Maalouf, J.-P., Mark, A. F.,
Noroozi,J., Parajuli, R., Phoenix, G.K., Reid,A.M., Ridenour, W.M., Rixen,CH., Wipf, S., Zhao, L., Escudero, A., Zaitchik, B.F., Lingua, E., Aschehoug, E.T., and Callaway
, R. M. (2013). Facilitative plant interactions and climate simultaneously drive alpine plant diversity. Ecology Letters, 17(2), 193–202.
Dai, D., Ali, A., Huang, X., Teng, M., Wu, C., Zhou, Z., and Liu, Y. (2020). Soil available phosphorus loss caused by periodical understory management reduce understory plant diversity in a Northern Subtropical Pinus massoniana Plantation Chronosequence. Forests, 11(2), 231.
Dula, G. (2022). Herbaceous Diversity under Indigenous Tree Canopies in Case of Guduru District, Western Oromia, Ethiopia. Journal of Biodiversity Management & Forestry, 2022.
Ellison, A. M. (2019). Foundation species, non-trophic interactions, and the value of being common. Iscience, 13, 254-268.
Erfanzadeh, R., Yazdani, M., and Arani, A. M. (2021). Effect of different shrub species on their sub‐canopy soil and vegetation properties in semiarid regions. Land Degradation & Development, 32(11), 3236-3247.
Garg, S., Joshi, R. K., and Garkoti, S. C. (2022). Effect of tree canopy on herbaceous vegetation and soil characteristics in semi-arid forests of the Aravalli hills. Arid Land Research and Management, 36(2), 224-242.
Gavini, S. S., Ezcurra, C., and Aizen, M. A. (2019). Plant–plant interactions promote alpine diversification. Evolutionary ecology, 33(2), 195-209.
Ghorbani, A., Porghorban, N., Moameri, M., Ghafari, S., and Taheri Niari, M. (2022). Effects of topographic variables on plant species diversity in rangelands of Hir County, Ardabil Province, Iran. ECOPERSIA, 10(4), 285-295.
Guo, Q., Song, H., Kang, J., Korpelainen, H., and Li, C. (2018). Different responses in leaf-level physiology to competition and facilitation under different soil types and N fertilization. Environmental and experimental botany, 150, 69-78.
Guo, Y., Schöb, C., Ma, W., Mohammat, A., Liu, H., Yu, S.,Jiang, Y., Schmid, B., and Tang, Z. (2019). Increasing water availability and facilitation weaken biodiversity–biomass relationships in shrublands. Ecology, 100(3), e02624.
Hua, F., Bruijnzeel, L. A., Meli, P., Martin, P. A., Zhang, J., Nakagawa, S., Miao, X., Wang, W., Mecvoy, CH., Pena-Arancibia, J.L., Brancalion, P.H.S., Smith, P., Edvards, D.P., and Balmford, A. (2022). The biodiversity and ecosystem service contributions and trade-offs of forest restoration approaches. Science, 376 (6595), 839–844.
Huang, K., Xu, C., Qian, Z., Zhang, K., and Tang, L. (2023). Effects of Pruning on Vegetation Growth and Soil Properties in Poplar Plantations. Forests, 14(3), 501.
Isbell, F., Craven, D., Connolly, J., Loreau, M., Schmid, B., Beierkuhnlein, C.,
Martijn Bezemer, T., Bonin, C., Bruelheide, H., de Luca, E., Ebeling, A., N. Griffin, J., Guo, Q., Hautier, Y., Hector, A., Jentsch, A., Kreyling, J., Lanta, V., Manning, P., T. Meyer, S., S. Mori, A., Naeem, SH., A. Niklaus, P., Wayne Polley, H., and Eisenhauer, N. (2015). Biodiversity increases the resistance of ecosystem productivity to climate extremes. Nature, 526(7574), 574-577.
Jiang, Z., Ma, K., Liu, H., and Tang, Z. (2018). A trait‐based approach reveals the importance of biotic filter for elevational herb richness pattern. Journal of Biogeography, 45(10), 2288-2298.
Jankju, M. (2013). Role of nurse shrubs in restoration of an arid rangeland: Effects of microclimate on grass establishment. Journal of Arid Environments, 89, 103-109.
Jucker, T., Bongalov, B., Burslem, D. F., Nilus, R., Dalponte, M., Lewis, S. L.,Oliver, L., Phillips, L.Q., and Coomes, D. A. (2018). Topography shapes the structure, composition and function of tropical forest landscapes. Ecology letters, 21(7), 989-1000.
Kassa, H., Gebrehiwet, K., and Yamoah, C. (2010). Balanites aegyptiaca, a potential tree for parkland agroforestry systems with sorghum in Northern Ethiopia. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, 1(6), 107-114.
Keikha, M., Darzi-Naftchali, A., Motevali, A., and Valipour, M. (2023). Effect of nitrogen management on the environmental and economic sustainability of wheat production in different climates. Agricultural Water Management, 276, 108060.
Kong, C. H., Li, Z., Li, F. L., Xia, X. X., and Wang, P. (2024). Chemically mediated plant–plant interactions: Allelopathy and allelobiosis. Plants, 13(5), 626.
Kumar, M., Verma, A. K., and Garkoti, S. C. (2020). Lantana camara and Ageratina adenophora invasion alter the understory species composition and diversity of chir pine forest in central Himalaya, India. Acta Oecologica, 109, 103642.
Losapio, G., Pugnaire, F. I., O'Brien, M. J., and Schöb, C. (2018). Plant life history stage and nurse age change the development of ecological networks in an arid ecosystem. Oikos, 127(9), 1390-1397.
Losapio, G., Norton Hasday, E., Espadaler, X., Germann, C., Ortiz‐Sánchez, F. J., Pont, A., Sommaggio, D., and Schöb, C. (2021). Facilitation and biodiversity jointly drive mutualistic networks. Journal of Ecology, 109(5), 2029-2037.
Lozano, Y. M., Hortal, S., Armas, C., and Pugnaire, F. I. (2020). Complementarity in nurse plant systems: soil drives community composition while microclimate enhances productivity and diversity. Plant Soil, 450, 385–396.
Lozano, Y. M., Armas, C., Hortal, S., Casanoves, F., and Pugnaire, F. I. (2017). Disentangling above‐and below‐ground facilitation drivers in arid environments: the role of soil microorganisms, soil properties and microhabitat. New Phytologist, 216(4), 1236-1246.
Madrigal-Gonzalez, J., Cano-Barbacil, C., Kigel, J., Ferrandis, P., and Luzuriaga, A. L. (2020). Nurse plants promote taxonomic and functional diversity in an arid Mediterranean annual plant community. Journal of Vegetation Science, 31(4), 658–666.
Maestre, F. T., Bautista, S., and Cortina, J. (2003). Positive, negative, and net effects in grass–shrub interactions in Mediterranean semiarid grasslands. Ecology, 84(12), 3186-3197.
Margalef, R. (1958). Information Theory in Ecology. General Systems, 3, 36-71.
Meng, X., Fan, S., Dong, L., Li, K., and Li, X. (2023). Response of Understory Plant Diversity to Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Urban Forests in Beijing, China. Forests, 14(3), 571.
Mirzabaev, A., Wu, J., Evans, J., Garcia-Oliva, F., Hussein, I.A.G., Iqbal, M.H., Kimutai, J., Knowles, T., Meza, F., Nedjroaoui, D. and Tena, F., (2019). Desertification. In: P R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. CalvoBuendia, Shukla, P.R., Skeg, J., Calvo Buendia, E., Masson-Delmotte, V., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Zhai, P., Slade, R., Connors, S., van Diemen, R., Ferrat,M., Haughey, E., Luz, S., Pathak, M., Petzold, J., Portugal Pereira, J., Vyas, P., Huntley, E., Kissick, K., Belkacemi, M., and Malley, J. (Eds.), Climate change and land: An IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.
Moeslund, J. E., Arge, L., Bøcher, P. K., Dalgaard, T., and Svenning, J. C. (2013). Topography as a driver of local terrestrial vascular plant diversity patterns. Nordic Journal of Botany, 31(2), 129-144.
Noumi, Z. (2020). Can native shrubs facilitate the establishment of trees under arid bioclimate? A case study from Tunisia. Flora, 263, 151517.
Parajuli, R., O'Brien, M. J., Timilsina, B., Pugnaire, F. I., Schöb, C., and Ghimire, S. K. (2021). Facilitation by a dwarf shrub enhances plant diversity of human-valued species at high elevations in the Himalayas of Nepal. Basic and Applied Ecology, 54, 23-36.
Piacentini, T., Galli, A., Marsala, V., and Miccadei, E. (2018). Analysis of Soil Erosion Induced by Heavy Rainfall: A Case Study from the NE Abruzzo Hills Area in Central Italy. Water, 10(10), 1314.
Pielou, E. C. (1966). The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of theoretical biology, 13, 131-144.
Sanaei, A., Li, M., and Ali, A. (2019). Topography, grazing, and soil textures control over rangelands' vegetation quantity and quality. Science of the Total Environment, 697, 134153.
Shannon ,C.E. and Wiener, W., 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, 350p.
Simpson, E. (1949). Measurement of Diversity. Nature, 688p.
Soliveres, S., and Maestre, F. T. (2014). Plant–plant interactions, environmental gradients and plant diversity: a global synthesis of community-level studies. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 16(4), 154-163.Srinivasan, M. P., Bhatia, S., and Shenoy, K. (2015). Vegetation-environment relationships in a South Asian tropical montane grassland ecosystem: restoration implications. Tropical Ecology, 56(2), 201-217.
Tessema, Z. K., and Belay, E. F. (2017). Effect of tree species on understory vegetation, herbaceous biomass and soil nutrients in a semi-arid savanna of Ethiopia. Journal of Arid Environments, 139, 76-84.
Ugarte, R. M., Gavilán, R. G., and Rubio, A. (2024). Assessing the occurrence of soil improvement and its relationship to the dominant life form in the high mountains of Central Spain. Geoderma Regional, 36, e00744.
Valladares, F., Laanisto, L., Niinemets, Ü., and Zavala, M. A. (2016). Shedding light on shade: ecological perspectives of understorey plant life. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 9(3), 237-251.
Wiharto, M., Wijaya, M., and Hamka, L. (2021). The Understory Herbaceous Vegetation at Tropical Mountain Forest of Mount Bawakaraeng, South Sulawesi. Physics: Conference Series, 1899 (1). 012002.
Xu, Y. J., Chen, Y. N., Li, W. H., Fu, A. H., Ma, X. D., Gui, D. W., and Chen, Y. P. (2010). Distribution pattern and environmental interpretation of plant species diversity in the mountainous region of Ili River Valley, Xinjiang, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 34(10), 1142-1154.
Xu, L., Xu, X., and Meng, X. (2013). Risk assessment of soil erosion in different rainfall scenarios by RUSLE model coupled with Information Diffusion Model: A case study of Bohai Rim, China. Catena, 100, 74-82.
Yadav, S., Modi, P., Dave, A., Vijapura, A., Patel, D., and Patel, M. (2020). Effect of abiotic stress on crops. Sustainable crop production, 3(17), 5-16.
Zhang, G., Zhao, W., Zhou, H., Yang, Q., and Wang, X. (2018). Extreme drought stress shifts net facilitation to neutral interactions between shrubs and sub‐canopy plants in an arid desert. Oikos, 127(3), 381-391.